Java学习笔记Ⅰ

java -classpath .;C:\work\project1\bin;C:\shared abc.xyz.Hello
java -cp .;C:\work\project1\bin;C:\shared abc.xyz.Hello

java -cp ./hello.jar abc.xyz.Hello

// 读方法:
public Type getXyz()
// 写方法:
public void setXyz(Type value)

import java.beans.*;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        BeanInfo info = Introspector.getBeanInfo(Person.class);	// 获取属性列表
        for (PropertyDescriptor pd : info.getPropertyDescriptors()) {
            System.out.println(pd.getName());
            System.out.println("  " + pd.getReadMethod());
            System.out.println("  " + pd.getWriteMethod());
        }
    }
}

class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }

    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int i = 100;
        // 通过new操作符创建Integer实例(不推荐使用,会有编译警告):
        Integer n1 = new Integer(i);
        // 通过静态方法valueOf(int)创建Integer实例:
        Integer n2 = Integer.valueOf(i);
        // 通过静态方法valueOf(String)创建Integer实例:
        Integer n3 = Integer.valueOf("100");
        System.out.println(n3.intValue());
    }
}

// 向上转型为Number:
Number num = new Integer(999);
// 获取byte, int, long, float, double:
byte b = num.byteValue();
int n = num.intValue();
long ln = num.longValue();
float f = num.floatValue();
double d = num.doubleValue();

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer n = null;
        int i = n;
    }
}
// NullPointerException

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Integer x = 127;
        Integer y = 127;
        Integer m = 99999;
        Integer n = 99999;
        System.out.println("x == y: " + (x==y)); // true
        System.out.println("m == n: " + (m==n)); // false
        System.out.println("x.equals(y): " + x.equals(y)); // true
        System.out.println("m.equals(n): " + m.equals(n)); // true
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        char[] cs = "Hello".toCharArray();
        String s = new String(cs);
        System.out.println(s);
        cs[0] = 'X';
        System.out.println(s);
    }
}

public final class String {
    private final char[] value;
    private final int offset;
    private final int count;
}

public final class String {
    private final byte[] value;
    private final byte coder; // 0 = LATIN1, 1 = UTF16

import java.util.Scanner;

public class hello {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
        System.out.print("Input your name: ");
        String name = scanner.nextLine();
        System.out.print("Input your age: ");
        int age = scanner.nextInt();
        System.out.printf("Hi, %s, you are %d\n", name, age);

    }
}

class Person {
    private String name;
    private int age;

    public Person(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }

    public Person(String name) {
        this(name, 18); // 调用另一个构造方法Person(String, int)
    }

    public Person() {
        this("Unnamed"); // 调用另一个构造方法Person(String)
    }
}

public sealed class Shape permits Rect, Circle, Triangle {
    // xxx
}

abstract class Person {
    public abstract void run();	// 无子句
}

Person s = new Student();
Person t = new Teacher();
// 不关心Person变量的具体子类型:
s.run();
t.run();
// 同样不关心新的子类是如何实现run()方法的：
Person e = new Employee();
e.run();

interface Person {
    void run();
    String getName();
}

class Student implements Person {
    private String name;

    public Student(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(this.name + " run");
    }

    @Override
    public String getName() {
        return this.name;
    }
}

class Student implements Person, Hello { // 实现了两个interface
    ...
}

interface Person extends Hello {	// 继承另一个接口
    void run();
    String getName();
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person.setNumber(99);
        System.out.println(Person.number);
    }
}

class Person {
    public static int number;

    public static void setNumber(int value) {
        number = value;
    }
}

// 可简写
public interface Person {
    // 编译器会自动加上public statc final:
    int MALE = 1;
    int FEMALE = 2;
}

// Main.java
package test;

import java.text.Format;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        java.util.List list; // ok，使用完整类名 -> java.util.List
        Format format = null; // ok，使用import的类 -> java.text.Format
        String s = "hi"; // ok，使用java.lang包的String -> java.lang.String
        System.out.println(s); // ok，使用java.lang包的System -> java.lang.System
        MessageFormat mf = null; // 编译错误：无法找到MessageFormat: MessageFormat cannot be resolved to a type
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Outer outer = new Outer("Nested"); // 实例化一个Outer
        Outer.Inner inner = outer.new Inner(); // 实例化一个Inner
        inner.hello();
    }
}

class Outer {
    private String name;

    Outer(String name) {	// 调用Outer的构造方法来创建Inner实例
        this.name = name;
    }

    class Inner {
        void hello() {
            System.out.println("Hello, " + Outer.this.name);
        }
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Outer outer = new Outer("Nested");
        outer.asyncHello();
    }
}

class Outer {
    private String name;

    Outer(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    void asyncHello() {
        Runnable r = new Runnable() {	//
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println("Hello, " + Outer.this.name);
            }
        };
        new Thread(r).start();
    }
}

Runnable r = new Runnable(){
	// 实现必要的抽象方法...
};

import java.util.HashMap;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        HashMap<String, String> map1 = new HashMap<>();
        HashMap<String, String> map2 = new HashMap<>() {}; // 匿名类!
        HashMap<String, String> map3 = new HashMap<>() {
            {
                put("A", "1");
                put("B", "2");
            }
        };
        System.out.println(map3.get("A"));
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Outer.StaticNested sn = new Outer.StaticNested();
        sn.hello();
    }
}

class Outer {
    private static String NAME = "OUTER";

    private String name;

    Outer(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    static class StaticNested {
        void hello() {
            System.out.println("Hello, " + Outer.NAME);
        }
    }
}

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
    sb.append(',');
    sb.append(i);
}
String s = sb.toString();

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        var sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
        sb.append("Mr ")
          .append("Bob")
          .append("!")
          .insert(0, "Hello, ");
        System.out.println(sb.toString());
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Adder adder = new Adder();
        adder.add(3)
             .add(5)
             .inc()
             .add(10);
        System.out.println(adder.value());
    }
}

class Adder {
    private int sum = 0;

    public Adder add(int n) {
        sum += n;
        return this;
    }

    public Adder inc() {
        sum ++;
        return this;
    }

    public int value() {
        return sum;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        if (day == Weekday.SAT || day == Weekday.SUN) {
            System.out.println("Work at home!");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Work at office!");
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {	// 只需依次列出枚举的常量名
    SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT;
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Weekday day = Weekday.SUN;
        switch(day) {
        case MON:
        case TUE:
        case WED:
        case THU:
        case FRI:
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at office!");
            break;
        case SAT:
        case SUN:
            System.out.println("Today is " + day + ". Work at home!");
            break;
        default:
            throw new RuntimeException("cannot process " + day);
        }
    }
}

enum Weekday {
    MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT, SUN;
}

public final class Point {
    private final int x;
    private final int y;

    public Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }

    public int x() {
        return this.x;
    }

    public int y() {
        return this.y;
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Point p = new Point(123, 456);
        System.out.println(p.x());
        System.out.println(p.y());
        System.out.println(p);
    }
}

public record Point(int x, int y) {}

public final class Point extends Record {
    private final int x;
    private final int y;

    public Point(int x, int y) {
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }

    public int x() {
        return this.x;
    }

    public int y() {
        return this.y;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return String.format("Point[x=%s, y=%s]", x, y);
    }

    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        ...
    }
    public int hashCode() {
        ...
    }
}

public record Point(int x, int y) {
    public Point {
        if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
    }
}

public final class Point extends Record {
    public Point(int x, int y) {
        // 这是我们编写的Compact Constructor:
        if (x < 0 || y < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException();
        }
        // 这是编译器继续生成的赋值代码:
        this.x = x;
        this.y = y;
    }
    ...
}

public record Point(int x, int y) {
    public static Point of() {
        return new Point(0, 0);
    }
    public static Point of(int x, int y) {
        return new Point(x, y);
    }
}
var z = Point.of();
var p = Point.of(123, 456);

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            byte[] bs = toGBK("中文");
            System.out.println(Arrays.toString(bs));
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            System.out.println(e);
        }
    }

    static byte[] toGBK(String s) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        // 用指定编码转换String为byte[]:
        return s.getBytes("GBK");
    }
}

static byte[] toGBK(String s) {
    try {
        return s.getBytes("GBK");
    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
        // 先记下来再说:
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
    return null;

import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.util.Arrays;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        byte[] bs = toGBK("中文");
        System.out.println(Arrays.toString(bs));
    }

    static byte[] toGBK(String s) throws UnsupportedEncodingException {
        // 用指定编码转换String为byte[]:
        return s.getBytes("GBK");
    }
}

void process(String file) throws IOException {
    try {
        ...
    } finally {
        System.out.println("END");
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    try {
        process1();
        process2();
        process3();
    } catch (IOException e) {
        System.out.println("IO error");
    } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) { // 永远捕获不到 会被上面的截胡
        System.out.println("Bad encoding");
    }
}

void process2(String s) {
    if (s==null) {
        throw new NullPointerException();
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            process1();	// 01
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();	// 05
        }
    }

    static void process1() {
        try {
            process2();	// 02
        } catch (NullPointerException e) {
            // throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(e);	// 04
        }
    }

    static void process2() {
        throw new NullPointerException();	// 03
    }
}

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Exception origin = null;
        try {
            System.out.println(Integer.parseInt("abc"));
        } catch (Exception e) {
            origin = e;
            throw e;
        } finally {
            Exception e = new IllegalArgumentException();
            if (origin != null) {
                e.addSuppressed(origin);
            }
            throw e;
        }
    }
}

public class BaseException extends RuntimeException {
}

public class UserNotFoundException extends BaseException {
}

public class LoginFailedException extends BaseException {
}

public class BaseException extends RuntimeException {
    public BaseException() {
        super();
    }

    public BaseException(String message, Throwable cause) {
        super(message, cause);
    }

    public BaseException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }

    public BaseException(Throwable cause) {
        super(cause);
    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) {
    double x = Math.abs(-123.45);
    assert x >= 0 : "x must >= 0";	// 会带上消息
    System.out.println(x);
}

void sort(int[] arr) {
    assert arr != null;
}

void sort(int[] arr) {
    if (arr == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("array cannot be null");
    }
}

import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
public class Hello {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Logger logger = Logger.getGlobal();
        logger.info("start process...");
        logger.warning("memory is running out...");
        logger.fine("ignored.");
        logger.severe("process will be terminated...");
    }
}

import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Log log = LogFactory.getLog(Main.class);	// 获取实例
        log.info("start...");	// 打印日志
        log.warn("end.");
    }
}

try {
    ...
} catch (Exception e) {
    log.error("got exception!", e);
}

// 在静态方法中引用Log:
public class Main {
    static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(Main.class);

    static void foo() {
        log.info("foo");
    }
}

// 在实例方法中引用Log:
public class Person {
    protected final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(getClass());

    void foo() {
        log.info("foo");
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Configuration>
	<Properties>
        <!-- 定义日志格式 -->
		<Property name="log.pattern">%d{MM-dd HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%t] %-5level %logger{36}%n%msg%n%n</Property>
        <!-- 定义文件名变量 -->
		<Property name="file.err.filename">log/err.log</Property>
		<Property name="file.err.pattern">log/err.%i.log.gz</Property>
	</Properties>
    <!-- 定义Appender，即目的地 -->
	<Appenders>
        <!-- 定义输出到屏幕 -->
		<Console name="console" target="SYSTEM_OUT">
            <!-- 日志格式引用上面定义的log.pattern -->
			<PatternLayout pattern="${log.pattern}" />
		</Console>
        <!-- 定义输出到文件,文件名引用上面定义的file.err.filename -->
		<RollingFile name="err" bufferedIO="true" fileName="${file.err.filename}" filePattern="${file.err.pattern}">
			<PatternLayout pattern="${log.pattern}" />
			<Policies>
                <!-- 根据文件大小自动切割日志 -->
				<SizeBasedTriggeringPolicy size="1 MB" />
			</Policies>
            <!-- 保留最近10份 -->
			<DefaultRolloverStrategy max="10" />
		</RollingFile>
	</Appenders>
	<Loggers>
		<Root level="info">
            <!-- 对info级别的日志，输出到console -->
			<AppenderRef ref="console" level="info" />
            <!-- 对error级别的日志，输出到err，即上面定义的RollingFile -->
			<AppenderRef ref="err" level="error" />
		</Root>
	</Loggers>
</Configuration>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<configuration>

	<appender name="CONSOLE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.ConsoleAppender">
		<encoder>
			<pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
		</encoder>
	</appender>

	<appender name="FILE" class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.RollingFileAppender">
		<encoder>
			<pattern>%d{HH:mm:ss.SSS} [%thread] %-5level %logger{36} - %msg%n</pattern>
			<charset>utf-8</charset>
		</encoder>
		<file>log/output.log</file>
		<rollingPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.FixedWindowRollingPolicy">
			<fileNamePattern>log/output.log.%i</fileNamePattern>
		</rollingPolicy>
		<triggeringPolicy class="ch.qos.logback.core.rolling.SizeBasedTriggeringPolicy">
			<MaxFileSize>1MB</MaxFileSize>
		</triggeringPolicy>
	</appender>

	<root level="INFO">
		<appender-ref ref="CONSOLE" />
		<appender-ref ref="FILE" />
	</root>
</configuration>